Dramatic irony in romeo and juliet act 2. ] Juliet: Then have my lips the sin that they have took. The audience knows that Romeo no longer loves Rosaline, but actually, he loves Juliet, which Mercutio does not know. Dramatic Irony: A dramatic action/situation where the audience knows the outcome of but the characters does not. Romeo believes Juliet is dead but notes she is as beautiful as when alive. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the dramatic irony in Act II scene i, Why can't Romeo talk with Juliet, Why can't Juliet get to Romeo? and more. Romeo sees his servant Balthasar approach—knowing the man brings news from Verona, Romeo greets Mar 16, 2024 · One of the most striking examples of dramatic irony in Romeo and Juliet is the opening lines of the play. Dramatic irony occurs Jan 29, 2012 · Juliet means she wishes to make love to Romeo, punning on love as both a filial emotion and a sexual act. Unaware that her daughter is married to Romeo, Lady Capulet enters the room and mistakes Juliet’s tears as continued grief for Jul 29, 2019 · dramatic irony example. Friar Laurence thought his plan would help Romeo and Juliet, but the audience knew he had evil intentions. Dec 8, 2015 · Dramatic irony is a relationship of contrast between a character's limited understanding of his or her situation in some particular moment of the unfolding action and what the audience, at the same instant, understands the character's situation actually to be. Mercutio calls out for Romeo, begging him to make himself seen, and even tries to tempt him out Apr 23, 2012 · In Act 2 scene 4, Benvolio and Mercutio are talking to Romeo. Act 4, scene 5 – Juliet is found dead in her bed – they all think that she is dead/ she is not dead – “Lady, lady, lady!—Alas, alas! Help, help! My lady’s dead!”. Cry but “Ay me!”. In the courtyard of the Capulet manor, Juliet paces nervously—her nurse is not yet back from meeting Romeo, and she is worried about what could have possibly delayed the woman for three long hours. Initially, Romeo believes he is deeply in love with Act 2, scene 2 (also known as the balcony scene has some very good examples of literary devices as well -- In lones 28-29, Romeo uses a simile to compare Juliet to an angel when he says, "As When Romeo marries Juliet he believes everything will be alright. —. Juliet misinterprets her and thinks that Analysis. In the midst of her worrying, however, Juliet sees her nurse return. Holding thine ear close to the hollow ground. Mercutio uses verbal irony when he says: The ape is dead, and I must Go, villain, fetch a surgeon. Detailed Summary. Mercutio is portrayed The nurse asks Romeo if his servant can be trusted to keep the secret of Romeo and Juliet’s marriage, and he insists his servant is “true as steel. Juliet enters. In trying to soothe her, he says, her parents married her to Paris —but only drove Juliet further into her grief. 1 day ago · [Kissing her. Romeo thought Juliet was dead when he poisoned himself, but the audience knew she was alive. Foreshadowing is one of the main dramatic techniques in Romeo and Juliet. She is more sensible and down-to-earth. When Friar Laurence scolds Romeo for his foolishness, he says, "These violent delights have violent ends. Henry. (3. Capulet asks her where she’s been, and she tells her father that she has been repenting for the sin of her disobedience. While they speak, Juliet's nurse arrives to the sniggering Benvolio and Mercutio (they disrespectfully make fun of her size). Juliet, in her chambers, begs night to fall so that Romeo can at last “leap” into her arms and perform the “amorous rites” of love. Read the excerpt from Romeo and Juliet, Act I, Scene v. The audience knows that Juliet is not dead, but in a deep sleep due to Romeo and Juliet act 2. Sampson and Gregory, two servingmen of House Capulet, enter with swords and bucklers. Act 3, Scene 2 - the nurse weeps (for Tybalt), but at fist she never openly states who she is weeping for. The audience learns that Romeo and Juliet are going to die and that Feb 2, 2024 · One of Shakespeare’s most renowned plays, “Romeo and Juliet,” serves as a quintessential example of dramatic irony at work. This is yet another instance of dramatic irony in the play, since the audience is aware that the death the Nurse is referencing is Tybalt's, but Juliet is led to mistakenly believe that Romeo has died. That's an example of situational Romeo and Juliet Dramatic Irony Dramatized Irony is one literary device generic used by playwrights in their plays. He is over his infatuation of Rosaline. (A) he unknowingly invites his master's enemies to join the feast. The lovers’ tragic end is both directly and subtly foreshadowed from the very beginning of the play. The most tragic example of dramatic irony in the play occurs, of course, when Romeo thinks Juliet is dead. 86-88) This passionate aside remark is made by Juliet after she is informed of Tybalt’s brutal murder by Romeo. Tybalt is Romeo's family now that Romeo is married to Juliet, but Tybalt doesn't know this, and doesn't understand why Romeo tries to break up him and Mercutio. But thou shalt hear it. Act 3, Scene 2 – the nurse weeps (for Tybalt), but at fist she never openly states who she is weeping for. Friar Laurence does not trust them to be alone. It is nearly morning, and Romeo is preparing to leave. d. ”. /Hence banished is Thinking his true love is really dead, he takes his own life, ultimately leading Juliette to do the same once she awakes. Romeo comes out of hiding just as a light in a nearby window flicks on and Juliet exits onto her balcony. Act 2 Prologue : The chorus comments on the action of the play. Enter Father Capulet, Mother, Nurse, and Servingmen, In Act 3, Scene 2, just after Romeo kills Tybalt, Juliet's nurse confuses her by rushing into her room and raving about the death of an unnamed man. thinks he can make him come running by mentioning Rosaline's name. I met the youthful lord at Lawrence’s cell. “Villain and he be many miles asunder. v. As he is leaving the Capulets’ party, Romeo pauses in the house’s courtyard—he doesn’t want to leave when his “heart” is still inside. For example, Romeo’s description of Juliet as the sun elevates her beauty and the intensity of his love. 1, Lines 1-2: Explain the metaphor Romeo uses to The irony resides in the facts such this tragic end is revealed to the crowd but nope to the characters those in it. Click the card to flip 👆. Juliet is excited to sleep with Romeo so that they can both cast off their “stainless maidenhoods. Juliet appears to be dead on her wedding day. A Churchyard; in it, the monument of the Capulets. Friar John, however, states that he was held up and unable Dramatic irony is an important stylistic device that is commonly found in plays, movies, theaters, and sometimes in poetry. We know the nurse is talk about Tybalt when she says "he's dead, he's dead" but Juliet does not. Sampson angrily says he doesn’t want to “carry coals”—in other words, he doesn’t want to put up with any of the Montagues’ nonsense. Example #2: Your misadventur’d piteous overthrows Example #7. Storytellers use this irony as a useful plot device for creating situations in which the audience knows more about the situations, the causes of conflicts, and their resolutions before the leading characters or actors. Juliet wonders why her mother would come to speak to her so early in the morning. There are several different types of irony. 1-2) The tragic deaths of Lady Montague, Paris, Romeo and Juliet are foreshadowed by Friar Lawrence moments prior to his presiding over the secret marriage of Romeo and Juliet. Romeo asserts that even if sorrow arises, it can't overshadow the joy he feels when looking at Juliet. " This foreshadows How Romeo and Juliet's storm of emotions eventually lead to their violent ends. That after-hours with sorrow chide us not. Act I, Scene v . Act 3, Scene 3. "where are the tomatoes?" true or false: comic relief is only found in comedies. The friar hopes heaven will bless their marriage and prevent any sorrow from reaching them. Romeo: O! then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do; They pray, grant thou, lest faith turn to despair. Dramatic irony vs tragic irony. 1. Sc. Juliet insists that day has not yet broken, and Romeo should stay a while longer, but he insists that “night’s candles are burnt out,” and it is time for him to make haste unless he Module 8: Drama – Romeo and Juliet Topic 5 Content: Dramatic Irony in Romeo and Juliet . Foreshadowing also creates the sense that the Act 4, scene 5 - Juliet is found dead in her bed - they all think that she is dead/ she is not dead - "Lady, lady, lady!—. Pronounce but “love” and “dove. However, Romeo believes that this is a sign of her everlasting beauty: even in death Juliet is beautiful. Describe Romeo's dream in Act 5, Scenes 1-2 of Romeo and Juliet. Since very few characters are aware of the marriage between Romeo and Juliet, there is quite a bit of dramatic irony in act 3. Juliet, as we can see, uses a series of double entendres to communicate to herself and to Quick answer: Four dramatic foils in acts 3-5 of Romeo and Juliet include Paris and Romeo, Romeo and Mercutio, Romeo and Friar Lawrence, and the Nurse and Lady Capulet. Compare the reaction of the Nurse, Lady Capulet, Lord Capulet, and Paris when they discover Juliet's death. Laurence asks if John has any news from Romeo —it is clear that Laurence sent John to Mantua to inform Romeo of Juliet ’s plan. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Paraphrase the chorus's speech what type of poem is this?, What is Mercutio saying in lines 7-17? what is his tone?, What dramatic irony is found in lines 16-21 and more. Romeo's response to seeing his "dead" wife is to take his own life with a dagger. Lady Capulet promises Paris that, in the morning, she’ll talk to Juliet about Situational Irony. everyday he watches them, carefully watering them. See what a scourge is laid upon your hate, That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love. What is significant about mercutios remarks to romeo in scene I and romeos repsonse in scene 2. This is an example of dramatic irony because, Read the excerpt from Act II, scene iv of Romeo and Juliet. Read the excerpt from Act V, scene iii of Romeo and Juliet. In Friar Laurence's cell, he and Romeo await Juliet's arrival. net Analysis. Romeo and Juliet walk out onto Juliet’s balcony after having spent the night together. Romeo is over the top with love. Verbal irony (saying the opposite of what you mean) occurs many times in Romeo and Juliet. Act 2 Scene 2: Paraphrase Romeo's soliloquy (lines 1-32). Throughout Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare employs dramatic irony to heighten the tension and add depth to the characters. Romeo is alone in Mantua. vi. She tells her father that she saw Paris at Friar Laurence The situational irony lies in the fact that Benvolio and Mercutio are under the impression that Romeo is in love with Rosaline and all their remarks revolve around her. Juliet rushes into the friar’s chambers and excitedly embraces Romeo. Romeo bids the nurse goodbye Analysis. In act II, scene 1, Mercutio and Benvolio realize Romeo has slipped away, but they don't know where he is. Friar Laurence, alone on the grounds of his monastery, carries a basket as he combs the earth for herbs, weeds, and flowers in the faint light of dawn. “It is the east,” Romeo says, regarding Juliet, “and Juliet is the sun . Lady Capulet calls to her daughter. Romeo: Then move not, while my prayers' effect I take. The irony in this scene is primarily verbal, & the conversation between Benvolio / Mercutio, and later Mercutio/Tybalt is rife with puns and hidden meanings. Consider act 4. At the Capulet manor, Capulet laments to Paris that in the midst of all the chaos surrounding Tybalt ’s death, there has been no time to “move” Juliet to happy thoughts of marrying Paris. In obsequious, beseeching terms, she begs her father’s forgiveness, even falling to her knees as she promises to be “ruled” by him forevermore. Explain the dramatic irony in Act 2, Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet. In the story of Romeo and Juliet, this happens in quite a few occasions. It creates a sense of mystery to the characters but the audience are aware of the fact. He urges the sun to rise and “kill the envious moon . Themes and Colors Key. Analysis. When Romeo and Juliet first meet, they fall in love not knowing anything about each other's lineage, but the audience knows that their families are enemies. Another friar, Friar John, enters Friar Laurence ’s chambers and greets him. Hence, and stand aloof. Benvolio: Tybalt, the kinsman of old Capulet,Hath sent a letter to his father's house. The dramatic irony in Juliet's response to the Nurse in Act 1, Scene 5 of "Romeo and Juliet" lies in her line, "if he be married, my grave is like to be my wedding bed. identify the type of irony in the scenario below. Juliet has other soliloquies that encompass those line numbers, but which don't show dramatic irony. He’s noticed that she cannot seem to stop grieving Tybalt ’s death—but Paris believes that in marrying quickly, he will Mar 21, 2018 · Dramatic Irony In Romeo And Juliet Act 2. The prologue, delivered by the Chorus, sets the stage for the tragic events to come, informing the audience that the young lovers will meet a untimely end. verbal irony - She says this knowing she means something else. ] In this excerpt, the servant is a comic figure because. 2 . As Romeo professes his love for Juliet, she is unaware of his presence, believing herself to be alone. Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff. (II. However, Mercutio and Benevolio are unaware of this. Yet put it out, for I would not be seen. Essay's Score: C. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Sc. Mercutio: A challenge, on my life. Many if not most of Shakespeare Explain. READ MORE In Sc. Dramatic Irony in “The Gift of the Magi” by O. Mercutio: Without his roe, like a dried herring. 929 Words4 Pages. Quick answer: An example of dramatic irony from Act 1 of Romeo and Juliet, excluding Scene 5, is Romeo's early infatuation with Rosaline. A. The tragic tale of two star-crossed lovers unfolds with the audience acutely aware of the fate that awaits them, while Romeo and Juliet remain blissfully ignorant of the events that will ultimately lead to their demise. 1, lines 17-32: Explain the dramatic irony in this part of the scene. CAPULET. Explain the dramatic irony in the beginning of this scene. Friar Laurence happily welcomes the man, who has come from Mantua. One such instance can be seen in Act 2, Scene 2, commonly known as the balcony scene. 105. The several occasions include when Romeo and Juliet both threaten to kill them selves if the friar doesn’t do something about the Paris and Expert Answers. In this dream, Romeo is dead. I met the youthful lord at Lawrence’ cell, And gave him what becomèd love I might, 30 Not stepping o’er the bounds of modesty. As Friar Laurence watches the two hold each another, he admires their love but wonders to himself in an aside whether it is too “light,” heady, and “wanton” to last. Romeo: O! then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do;They pray, grant thou, lest faith turn to despair. He admits that he married Romeo and Juliet in secret on the day of Tybalt ’s death—Juliet was, all along, pining for the exiled Romeo and not the deceased Tybalt. PDF Share. Mercutio's lewd sexual Expert Answers. Rest you merry! [Exit. How does Juliet react to the nurses news? Juliet gets mad at Romeo, but she still loves him. Dramatic irony gives the audience information ahead of one or more characters, to build in a level of suspense, and in many cases, things turn out OK in the end. Romeo & Juliet: Act 2, Scene 1 | Summary & Analysis . Act 2 Scene 1: Explain the dramatic irony in this scene. She is sad because she always dreamed for Juliet to get married and have kids but all her dreams are now gone. I treated him with all the love I could give without breaking the proper rules of modesty. Friar Laurence, who makes tinctures and potions from the plants he collects, knows that the earth is both nature’s tomb and its womb—one can reap “baleful,” poisonous roots Test Yourself. Verona. The first example is in the Chorus' opening speech: "Two households, both alike in dignity". little johnny buys and plants some tomato seeds. Read the following lines spoken by the Prince in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Act V, Scene iii. Having taken a heavy sleeping potion, Juliet appears dead to everyone around her, including her lover. Love as a cause of violence shows it self in may stories and themes. "oh, my goodness!" says johnny. Romeo's love for Rosaline is now gone, and now his affection is focused on Juliet. It is also generally ironic that both Romeo and Juliet have fallen in love and expressed deep affection for each other, when they are supposed to be enemies because of the feud between their The dramatic irony in act 5, scene 3 of "Romeo and Juliet" lies in the audience's knowledge compared to the characters'. God pardon him. This strong foreshadowing emphasizes that the lovers’ fate is inevitable and that their sense of freedom is an illusion. Romeo's old feelings are no longer present, and he is now developing new feelings for Juliet. Thus, from the ausreise, the audience becomes aware is Romeo or Juliet’s love are destined to fail although the main characters be oblivious to this fact. What does Juliet plan to do with the cords? Juliet is going to use the rope ladder to hang herself. Oct 2, 2023 · The instances of dramatic irony is evident when Romeo and Juliet fall in love at first sight, the audience knows that they are from feuding families, but the characters are unaware of this fact. ] Example #7. She wants Romeo—her “ day in night Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is dramatic irony?, How is dramatic irony used in the rest of scene 1 (after Romeo is banished) and scene 2, When Tybalt meets Benvolio and Mercutio who is he looking for and why? and more. Act 3 scene 2: At the beginning of this scene what is the dramatic irony? (When the Nurse says there was a death and a banishment) Juliet thinks Romeo is dead and Tybalt is banished when it is the other way around Analysis. When Juliet returns from Friar Lawrence and pretends to have learned obedience, Capulet is so delighted that he moves the wedding up to the next day and goes off to tell Paris the new date. I do with all my heart, And yet no man like he doth grieve my heart. 61-62) In an example of dramatic irony, Juliet appears to be agreeing with her mother, who wants to send someone to Mantua to poison Romeo (who has just killed Jul 31, 2015 · Act 4, scene 2. But then Juliet comes In Act 2 scene 4, the audience/players are introduced to a rejuvenated version of Romeo. 1 day ago · Act 4 Scene 5: > 2 things. Benvolio: Here comes Romeo, here comes Romeo. See full list on literarydevices. At the beginning of this scene, Lord This form, too, can overlap with dramatic irony. Share Cite. Thesis: In William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare uses Dramatic Irony to enhance suspense within the audience to create anticipation while using irony to add a certain mood. This metaphor expresses that Romeo loves Juliet to much to leave. Juliet’s nurse says that Juliet, too, is trustworthy and good—she is even choosing to honor her love for Romeo in spite of a marriage proposal from Paris. The prologue to Romeo and Juliet is an example of dramatic irony because it lays out to the audience what is going to happen. Talk about the tragic consequences of dramatic irony! 2. The dramatic irony in Lines 17-32 is: Romeo's friends believe that he is still in love with Rosaline but the audience knows that he is now in love with Juliet after he met her at the party 4. Summary. Fresh features from the #1 AI-enhanced learning platform. Paris is asking the friar’s advice on his upcoming marriage to Juliet, which Paris himself admits is hasty and possibly contrary to Juliet’s wishes. The end of Romeo and Juliet is one example of situational irony overlapping with dramatic irony: at the play's end, Romeo drinks poison, intending to join Juliet in death, but (since she only appears to be dead) his action results in him abandoning Juliet in life. While musing on the beneficence of the Earth, he demonstrates a deep knowledge of the properties of the plants he collects. Little does he know, Romeo has purposefully snuck off to find his new love, Juliet, an Friar Laurence speaks up to clear the air. 1. And I, for winking at your discords too, Shakespeare's Act IV, Scene IV of Romeo and Juliet serves the dramatic purpose of creating dramatic irony. Synopsis: Capulet energetically directs preparations for the wedding. He hides himself against the orchard wall as Benvolio and Mercutio enter, searching for him. It occurs available the audience understands the implications and relevance of a specific situation on stage, whereas the signs are unaware of the gravity of which explanations underlying that status. Unfortunately, no one knows that she is Juliet's Nurse, or that she is actually there to talk to Romeo about him and Juliet. He dreamed that Juliet found him dead, but with a kiss, breathed life back into him, revived him, and made him an emperor. Mercutio calls Romeo a "madman" and. The audience is thus aware of the impending tragedy from the outset, creating a Presumably you are speaking of Juliet 's soliloquy in act 2, scene 1. Romeo refuses to leave, forcing his body or earth, to stop and join Juliet, its center. Juliet: Saints do not move, though grant for prayers' sake. some examples of this are when she says "that runaways' eyes may Explain the Prologue. one day, a beautiful african violet blooms. He fills the basket with various weeds, herbs, and flowers. Juliet says words are inadequate to express how she feels. Romeo: Sin from my lips? O trespass sweetly urg'd!Give me my sin again. In the early morning, Friar Lawrence enters, holding a basket. [Kissing her. 1, lines 1-2, Romeo says this metaphor with the intention to compare Juliet, his love, to the center of his heart. He urges Juliet to take her “vestal livery” and “cast it off. “So smile the heavens upon this holy act. Alas, alas! Help, help! My lady's dead!" another dramatic irony example. ⌜ Scene 2 ⌝. Paris assures Capulet and Lady Capulet that he understands. Dramatic Irony. Summary: Act 2, scene 3. JULIET. Draw conclusions based on your observations. Montague: Alas! my liege, my wife is dead to-night; Expert Answers. Here are the top 10 devices used throughout the play: Metaphor — Shakespeare frequently uses metaphors to draw comparisons between two unrelated things, enhancing the imagery and emotional impact of the dialogue. Act V - Scene III. Of course In Act IV, scene v, Juliet is presumed dead and Friar Lawrence comes asking if Juliet is "ready to go to church" (33). Enter Paris and his Page with flowers and a torch. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Paraphrase Analysis. Romeo enters and Friar Lawrence intuits that Romeo has not slept the night Romeo hurries away as Juliet pulls in the ladder and begs fate to bring him back to her quickly. (III. Romeo's Death. Give me thy torch, boy. situational irony - the characters don't expect her to be dead on her wedding day, a day that starts her new life. Lady Capulet. The audience knows that Juliet's cheeks and lips are not pale because she is not actually dead. " Unaware of Romeo's See in text (Act V - Scene III) This is a moment of dramatic irony. Juliet is more calm and mannered. " Quick answer: Examples of verbal irony in Act 5 include Balthasar's response that Juliet is "well" since she is dead, and Romeo calling poison a "cordial" due to his desire to join Juliet in death. Another example of irony is in Romeo 's lament before Friar Laurence in Act III: There is no world without Verona walls,/But Purgatory, torture, Hell itself. The friar cautions Romeo that "violent delights have violent ends" and This is an example of dramatic irony because we, the audience, know something that they, the characters, do not. Juliet doesn't know yet that Romeo killed her cousin, Tybalt, while she goes into a soliloquy about her love for Romeo. In studying Shakespeare's puns and his frequent use of other "low" techniques, such as obscene jokes and allusions, we need to remember the nature of his audience. Expert Answers. Unlike Romeo and Juliet, this story’s “tragic” ending is actually quite sweet. The dramatic irony overlap comes from the fact that the viewer knows that Juliet is not really dead as they watch Romeo drink the poison. Read the excerpt from Act I, scene iv of Romeo and Juliet. In my opinion, the only real purpose of this dream is to serve as foreshadowing for what is going to happen later on in the play. During this scene, Benvolio and Mercutio are looking for Romeo and Romeo goes to a party to meet Rosaline but he falls in love with Juliet instead (Act 1, Scene 5), two people from enemy families fall in love. Aug 31, 2023 · an example of dramatic irony in Romeo and Juliet act 3 scene 2 is when Juliet is talking to herself at the beginning of the act. Speak to my gossip Venus one fair word, One nickname for her purblind son and heir, 15 Young Abraham Cupid, he that shot so true When King Cophetua loved the Act 2, scene 1 of “Romeo and Juliet” is the scene that directly follows Romeo and Juliet meeting at the Capulet’s party. 3C’s Function: In Act II Mar 25, 2024 · Dramatic Irony in Act 2, Scene 2. The nurse approaches and greets her, but Juliet notes that the Mercutio often jibes Romeo for his obsession with Rosaline, as in this moment from Act 2, Scene 4, which simultaneously functions as dramatic irony and foreshadowing: Alas, poor Romeo, he is already dead, stabbed with a white wench’s black eye, run through the ear with a love-song, the very pin of his heart cleft with the blind bow-boy’s Romeo! Humours, madman, passion, lover! 10 Appear thou in the likeness of a sigh! Speak but one rhyme, and I am satisfied. Verbal irony is present as Capulet responds, "Ready to go, but never to return. Sampson says he’s looking forward to drawing his sword These dramatic tools help audiences and readers to characterize and understand Romeo and Juliet, two of Shakespeare's most iconic creations. a month passes and the plants grow. Put in your own words the meaning of the first four lines. b. He wakes from sleep, proclaiming that his dreams have portended “some joyful news. another dramatic irony example. 1, Lines 33-41: How does Mercutio's dialogue in this scene add to your impression of his character? Analysis. Thus from my lips, by thine, my sin is purg'd. Gregory insists they will do no such thing. Juliet greets the friar and thanks Romeo profusely for arranging the marriage so quickly. dramatic irony - We know what the characters don't know, that Juliet is carrying out a plan that will cause them great grief. What is the setting of Act 1, Scenes 1-2 in Romeo and Juliet? Describe Romeo's dream in Act 5, Scenes 1-2 of Romeo and Juliet. Act 4 Scene 5: > 2 things. Friar Laurence and Paris meet in the friar’s chamber. vt sb fb en eq nb io ks cu cv